KIMIA

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SOLUTION

1. Solutions Base character

Solution is mixed one get homogeneous character among molecule, atom or ion even of two substances or more. Called by mixture because formation it or its composition can changed. Called homogeneous because susunanya so uniform so can't observe to mark sense disparate part, even with optical microscope even if. 

Solution phase can tangible gas, thickly or even moltens. Solution gases e.g. air. Solid solution e.g. bronze, amalgam and the other alloy. Molten solution e.g. oceanic water, sugared solution in water, etc.. Solution component consisting of dissolving  (solvent)  and dissolved substance  (solute) . On solution works through this part molten. 

Molten dissolving by and large is water. Thes other molten dissolving e.g. bensena, chloroform, ether, and alcohol. If its dissolving don't water, therefore its dissolving name is named. E.g. salt solution in solutions so-called alcohol salt in alcohol (said alcohol), but salt solution in solutions so-called water salt (unsaid water). Dissolved substance can as substance of solid, gas or moltens. Solid substance most water-soluble e.g. sugar and salt. Gas most water-soluble e.g. ammonia, carbon dioxide, and oxygen. Hydrogen most water-soluble e.g. alcohol and vinegar. Generally solution component that its amount more a lot of at conceive of dissolving. Solution 40 % alcohols with 60 % water were called by alcoholic solution. Solution 60 % alcohols with 40 % water were called by solution alcohol deep waters. Solution 60 % sugars with 40 % water were called by solution sugars because in that solution water visually unchanged whereas changed sugar from padatan (crystal) as dissolved (taking after water). 

2. Solubility

A sands sugared crystal constitute affiliate of some sugar molecule. If that sugar crystal is inserted into water, therefore sugar molecules will diqoin from sugared crystal surfaces wend into water (called by melarut). That sugared molecule moving at random as movement of water molecule, so at the moment gets menumbuk sugared crystal surface or the other sugar molecule. Partly sugared molecule will tie-up back with its crystal or mutually conjoined with thes other sugared molecule so back to crystalize (mengkristal re). If sugared dissolution runaway speed equals recrystallizing runaway speed, therefore that process liesdeep kesetimbangan and its solution is called saturated.  Sugared crystalwater sugared solution  

Saturated solution is solution that contain dissolved substance in number required just for marks sense kesetimbangan among solute one that dissolved and undissolved one. A lot of it solute one that melarut in dissolving one a lot of particular to result a saturated solution to be called solubility  (solubility)  that substance. Solubility by and large stated in dissolved substance gram per 100 mL dissolvings, or about 100 dissolving grams on given temperature. If substance solubility less than 0,01 gram per 100 dissolving grams, therefore that substance is said not leach  (insoluble) . 

If amount solute one that dissolved less than its solubility, therefore its solution is called not saturated  (unsaturated) . Solution is not saturated more dilute (insufficiently stiff) as compared to saturated solution. If amount solute one that dissolved more a lot of of its solubility

2 therefore its solution are called supersaturated  (supersaturated) . More supersaturated solution stiff than saturated solution. Supersaturated solution usually been made by makes saturated solution on superordinate temperature. This on the way dissolved substance shall have greater solubility deep dissolving hot than deep dissolving cold. If in hot solution it stills to remain dissolved substance already that melarut can't again, therefore that rest has to be kept away and may not there is incoming other substance. Then that solution is refrigerent neglectless by hushed to avoid crystallizing. If no solute one that comes to pieces self (mengkristal returns) up to refrigeration, therefore acquired cold solution gets supersaturated character. Supersaturated solution that can be made in this way e.g. solution from sukrosa, acetic sodium and tiosulfat's sodium (hipo). Solution supersaturatedding to constitute a metastabil's system. This solution gets to be changed becomes saturated solution with add little crystal (crystal fundamental / seeds) generally crystal of solute . Molecule excess solute will be tied-up on crystal fundamental and mengkristal will return. 

Metal compound solubility ordinary, which is faction metal compound IT, IIA, IB, IIB, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Al, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, and NH ₄ ⁺  are as on following table: 

Compound	Solubility
Nitrate	All leach
Nitrit	All leach excepts Ag +
Acetic	All leach excepts Ag + , Hg 2 2 + , Bi 3 +
Chloride	All leach excepts Ag + , Hg 2 2 + , Pb 2 + , Cu 3 +
Bromide	All leach excepts Ag + , Hg 2 2 + , Pb 2 +
Iodida	All leach excepts Ag + , Hg 2 2 + , Pb 2 + , Bi 3 +
Sulphate	All leach excepts Ba + , Sr 2 + , Pb 2 + , (Ca 2 + little bit leach)
Sulfit	All doesn't leach except Na + , K + , NH 4 +
Sulfide	All doesn't leach except Na + , K + , NH 4 + , Ba 2 + , Sr 2 + , Ca 2 +
Phosphate	All doesn't leach except Na + , K + , NH 4 +
Carbonate	All doesn't leach except Na + , K + , NH 4 +
Oksalat	All doesn't leach except Na + , K + , NH 4 +
Oxide	All doesn't leach except Na + , K + , Ba 2 + , Sr 2 + , Ca 2 +
Hydroxide	All doesn't leach except Na + , K + , NH 4 + , Ba 2 + , Sr 2 + , (Ca 2 + little bit leach)